External programmers are often used for AVR microcontrollers and can be costly. Many Arduino boards are populated with AVR microcontrollers, which also require programmers for saving programs created on the host computer into the target MCU’s memory, such as the AVR microcontroller. One very popular MCU development board manufacturer is Arduino, based in Italy. Typically, program code is written on a host computer, then it is compiled or translated, and object (machine-readable) code is downloaded to the MCU (“the target”) from the PC (“the host”) using a cable (usually USB or RS232) that (with some software) is often referred to as a “programmer.” Once programmed, the MCU functions as coded. All microcontrollers (MCUs) require some sort of mechanism to program them, even if they only get programmed once.
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